What type of sample provides all members of a population with an equal chance of inclusion?

A random sample is a sampling method that ensures every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. This type of sampling is crucial in research because it helps to eliminate bias, which can significantly affect the validity of study results. By giving each individual an equal opportunity for inclusion, random sampling enhances the representativeness of the sample, leading to more reliable and generalizable findings.

In contrast, systematic sampling involves selecting members based on a predefined interval, which does not guarantee equal chances for all population members. Convenience sampling focuses on selecting individuals who are easiest to reach, potentially ignoring other members of the population, leading to sampling bias. Purposive sampling, on the other hand, involves selecting individuals based on specific characteristics or criteria, which also does not offer equal chances of inclusion for the entire population. Thus, the random sample stands out as the most equitable method for sampling a population.