What research method involves observing and recording behavior in natural environments without manipulation?

Naturalistic observation is a research method where researchers observe and record behavior in its natural environment without any manipulation or intervention. This approach allows for the collection of data in a way that reflects real-world conditions, providing a more accurate understanding of how subjects behave in their everyday settings.

Through naturalistic observation, researchers can gather qualitative insights about behaviors, interactions, and contexts that might not be captured in a controlled experimental setting. This method is particularly useful when studying phenomena that are difficult to replicate in a lab or when ethical considerations prevent manipulation of variables.

This stands in contrast to controlled experiments, where variables are manipulated to observe changes, and surveys, which rely on self-reported data rather than direct observation. Field studies may resemble naturalistic observation but often involve some degree of engagement or intervention by the researcher, distinguishing it from purely observational methods.