What does the term 'validity' refer to in the context of testing?

In the context of testing, 'validity' signifies the extent to which a test accurately measures what it is intended to measure. It is essential for ensuring that the outcomes derived from the test truly reflect the concept or skill it aims to evaluate. For instance, a math test should assess mathematical ability, not reading comprehension or some other unrelated trait. Validity encompasses several aspects, including content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity, which all contribute to the overall trustworthiness of the test results.

In contrast, consistency of results over time relates to reliability, while the range of values for a variable pertains to measurement scales and potential outcomes, and statistical significance indicates whether a result is unlikely due to chance, rather than addressing the core aim of the test. Thus, the focus of validity emphasizes the authenticity and accuracy of what is being measured rather than the consistency or statistical performance of the data.